Climbing Stairs

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70.Climbing Stairs

You are climbing a staircase. It takes n steps to reach the top.

Each time you can either climb 1 or 2 steps. In how many distinct ways can you climb to the top?

Example 1:

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Input: n = 2
Output: 2
Explanation: There are two ways to climb to the top.
1. 1 step + 1 step
2. 2 steps

Example 2:

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Input: n = 3
Output: 3
Explanation: There are three ways to climb to the top.
1. 1 step + 1 step + 1 step
2. 1 step + 2 steps
3. 2 steps + 1 step

动态规划：

时间复杂度：O(n)

空间复杂度：O(1)

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int climbStairs(int n) {
    int p = 0, q = 0, r = 1;
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
        p = q; 
        q = r; 
        r = p + q;//爬到第r阶楼梯可能用1步或2步故第r阶楼梯等于第r-1阶加第r-2阶
    }
    return r;
}

快速矩阵幂：

  • 时间复杂度：O(log ⁡n)
  • 空间复杂度：O(1)
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class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<long long>> multiply(vector<vector<long long>> &a, vector<vector<long long>> &b) {
        vector<vector<long long>> c(2, vector<long long>(2));
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
                c[i][j] = a[i][0] * b[0][j] + a[i][1] * b[1][j];
            }
        }
        return c;
    }

    vector<vector<long long>> matrixPow(vector<vector<long long>> a, int n) {
        vector<vector<long long>> ret = {{1, 0}, {0, 1}};
        while (n > 0) {
            if ((n & 1) == 1) {
                ret = multiply(ret, a);
            }
            n >>= 1;
            a = multiply(a, a);
        }
        return ret;
    }

    int climbStairs(int n) {
        vector<vector<long long>> ret = {{1, 1}, {1, 0}};
        vector<vector<long long>> res = matrixPow(ret, n);
        return res[0][0];
    }
};